Three techno-economic cases are investigated; one in which the demand for electricity is met to the lowest cost to society resulting in a high share of onshore wind power, one with economic support for nuclear power and one with economic support for offshore wind power.
A transition to the three different future electricity systems is subject to bottlenecks and these bottlenecks mainly arise on landscape level.
The two wind power dominated systems require a transformative change in terms of electricity system operation for which the system operators play a central role. The new nuclear dominated system instead requires changes in market structure which need to be led by governmental actors. Both a change to the system operation and the market will change the conditions for the technologies in electricity system.
All three cases also impact society and face social acceptance issues, but the decision to accept the impacts or not are taken at different levels. The nuclear system comes with higher cost to society and the decision whether to accept this is taken by the state while the wind dominated systems come with higher local impact and the decision whether to accept this is taken by the municipalities.
While the state represents both those benefiting and suffering, consequences of the decision the local municipalities mainly represent those facing consequences and it is clear that some of the benefits of accepting wind power needs to be returned to these municipalities to alleviate this bottleneck.
